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New Shaped Charge Technology
A new class of shaped charge has recently been introduced that uses novel liner metallurgy to create a secondary reaction in the perforation tunnel immediately after it has been formed (Figure 2F). The reaction takes place in less than 100 microseconds and can therefore be considered part of the perforating event.
The reaction is highly exothermic, which under the confined conditions within the perforation tunnel results in the generation of a very short, sharp spike in pressure. The magnitude of this super-charging effect has been measured in the 50,000-80,000 psi range during laboratory experiments carried out by the manufacturer. The energy released per unit mass of reactive material is of the same order as that released by TNT, although the total energy released per tunnel is relatively low because only a fraction of the shaped charge liner is composed of reactive material.
Relief of this pressure into the wellbore (being the path of least resistance) causes a surge in flow, which expels debris from the tunnel (Figure 2G). Laboratory experiments under representative conditions (carried out in compliance with API recommended practices for perforator evaluation[7]) indicate that all compacted fill is removed from the tunnel tip and the entire crushed zone is removed from the tunnel wall. Furthermore, in most cases, the pressure spike is sustained long enough for a small fracture to initiate at the tip of the tunnel (Figure 2H). This is of significant benefit during subsequent stimulation operations. Figure 3 shows tunnels created during single shot perforation experiments using natural rock targets under conditions representative of the downhole environment. Figure 3A shows a classical tunnel created with a conventional charge and Figure 3B shows a tunnel created with the new class of reactive shaped charge.
Referencia: Paper SPE 116226, 2008.
Idea Principal
Se refiere a la nueva tecnoñogía de cargas huecas que se ha introducido recientemente en el mercado, utilizando una linea nueva de metalurgia para crear una reacción en los tuneles de los disparos poe las cargas huecas.
ORACIONES:
1.- A new class of shaped charge has recently been introduced that uses novel liner metallurgy to create a secondary reaction in the perforation tunnel immediately after it has been formed (Figure 2F).
Frase Nominal: A new class of shaped charge
Pre modificadores: A new class of shaped
Post modificadores: no tiene
Núcleo: charge
Frase Verbal: has recently been introduced that uses novel liner metallurgy to create a secondary reaction in the perforation tunnel immediately after it has been formed (Figure 2F).
Núcleo: has
Tiempo verbal: Presente simple, tercera persona
2. The reaction takes place in less than 100 microseconds and can therefore be considered part of the perforating event.
Frase Nominal: The reaction
Pre modificadores: TheThe reaction is highly exothermic, which under the confined conditions within the perforation tunnel results in the generation of a very short, sharp spike in pressure. The magnitude of this super-charging effect has been measured in the 50,000-80,000 psi range during laboratory experiments carried out by the manufacturer. The energy released per unit mass of reactive material is of the same order as that released by TNT, although the total energy released per tunnel is relatively low because only a fraction of the shaped charge liner is composed of reactive material.
Relief of this pressure into the wellbore (being the path of least resistance) causes a surge in flow, which expels debris from the tunnel (Figure 2G). Laboratory experiments under representative conditions (carried out in compliance with API recommended practices for perforator evaluation[7]) indicate that all compacted fill is removed from the tunnel tip and the entire crushed zone is removed from the tunnel wall. Furthermore, in most cases, the pressure spike is sustained long enough for a small fracture to initiate at the tip of the tunnel (Figure 2H). This is of significant benefit during subsequent stimulation operations. Figure 3 shows tunnels created during single shot perforation experiments using natural rock targets under conditions representative of the downhole environment. Figure 3A shows a classical tunnel created with a conventional charge and Figure 3B shows a tunnel created with the new class of reactive shaped charge.
Referencia: Paper SPE 116226, 2008.
Idea Principal
Se refiere a la nueva tecnoñogía de cargas huecas que se ha introducido recientemente en el mercado, utilizando una linea nueva de metalurgia para crear una reacción en los tuneles de los disparos poe las cargas huecas.
ORACIONES:
1.- A new class of shaped charge has recently been introduced that uses novel liner metallurgy to create a secondary reaction in the perforation tunnel immediately after it has been formed (Figure 2F).
Frase Nominal: A new class of shaped charge
Pre modificadores: A new class of shaped
Post modificadores: no tiene
Núcleo: charge
Frase Verbal: has recently been introduced that uses novel liner metallurgy to create a secondary reaction in the perforation tunnel immediately after it has been formed (Figure 2F).
Núcleo: has
Tiempo verbal: Presente simple, tercera persona
2. The reaction takes place in less than 100 microseconds and can therefore be considered part of the perforating event.
Frase Nominal: The reaction
Post modificadores: no tiene
Núcleo:reaction
Frase Verbal: takes place in less than 100 microseconds and can therefore be considered part of the perforating event.
Núcleo: take
Tiempo verbal: Presente simple, tercera persona
3. The reaction is highly exothermic, which under the confined conditions within the perforation tunnel results in the generation of a very short, sharp spike in pressure.
Frase Nominal: The reaction
Pre modificadores: The
Post modificadores: no tiene
Núcleo: reaction
Frase Verbal: is highly exothermic, which under the confined conditions within the perforation tunnel results in the generation of a very short, sharp spike in pressure.
Núcleo: is
Tiempo verbal: Presente simple
Elementos dereferencias:
1.- The reaction is highly exothermic, which under the confined conditions within the perforation tunnel results in the generation of a very short, sharp spike in pressure.
2.- Furthermore, in most cases, the pressure spike is sustained long enough for a small fracture to initiate at the tip of the tunnel (Figure 2H). This is of significant benefit during subsequent stimulation
operations.
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